Which one, if established, does most to justify the position advanced by the passage?

• A. A single counterexample that is easily refuted
• B. A robust, independent study supporting the claim
• C. A rumor about unrelated matter
• D. A theoretical argument with no data

Answer: (B)

The main idea being tested is the strength and reliability of evidence used to justify a position. A robust, independent study provides verifiable data, transparent methods, and results that others can replicate or scrutinize. This kind of evidence demonstrates that the claim stands up to observation and testing beyond the author’s own viewpoint, and it reduces the impact of potential bias. Because of its independence and rigor, such a study makes the position much more credible and generalizable.

In contrast, a single counterexample might be countered by more data and doesn’t establish broad validity. A rumor about an unrelated matter has no bearing on the claim and undermines credibility. A theoretical argument with no data relies only on logic and lacks empirical support, making it the weakest form of justification among the options.

So, a robust independent study best justifies the position because it offers trustworthy, testable evidence that others can evaluate and replicate.