Logical Reasoning STEM Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• In evaluating an argument, which feature has the greatest impact on the argument's validity?
• If valid, which principle best justifies the scientist's reasoning?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the key step after identifying the main conclusion?
• All X are Y. Some Y are Z. What can be concluded about Some X are Z?
• If P is false and Q is true, is P ∨ Q true?
• If A -> B and B -> A, what is true about A and B?
• Given A is a subset of B and A ∩ C = ∅, what is A ∩ C?
• Is the argument form 'If P → Q; Q; Therefore P' valid?
• If not P implies Q and not P implies R, what can be deduced about Q and R?
• A pharmaceutical company claims its new drug reduces blood pressure in most patients with mild hypertension. The company argues the drug should be adopted.
• If A ⊆ B and A ∩ C = ∅, which statement is necessarily true?
• Which option represents a valid way to strengthen an argument that generalizes from a small sample?
• In a valid deductive argument with true premises, is the conclusion necessarily true?
• Which approach would be least effective at strengthening the argument?
• In a Principle Conform problem, when the stimulus presents a specific situation, which option best describes the correct target?
• Which statement would most undermine the argument that the plan will save money?
• A university claims that a new language program improves student fluency. The conclusion is that the program should be adopted.
• Some pharmacists insist on more testing; Others believe it's unnecessary. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• If A -> B and not B, what can be concluded about A?
• If P is true and Q is false, what is P ∧ Q?
• Which type of reasoning is most likely to appear in Method of Reasoning questions?
• A drug maker claims its drug is effective because a trial showed improved outcomes.
• A software update promises improved security because it uses a newer encryption standard.
• The claim in the first sentence of the passage plays which role in the argument?
• Randy and Salvatore disagree about whether to invest in renewable energy. The point at issue is whether:
• A city proposes to build a bike lane to reduce car traffic. Which assumption is necessary for the conclusion to hold?
• Which of the following is a questionable argumentative strategy employed in the argument that the policy should be adopted because a majority supports it?
• The reasoning above most closely conforms to which principle?
• Which statement best describes what the 'Method of Reasoning' question focuses on?
• If P → Q and not Q, what can be concluded about P?
• In a valid argument, if the premises are true, what can be said about the conclusion?
• In evaluating arguments, which choice best describes the function of an assumption in most deductive reasoning tests?
• Which one, if established, does most to justify the position advanced by the passage?
• If P → Q, and Q is true, which statement about P is correct?
• Given All A are B and No B are Z, No A are Z is...
• If All A are B and No A are C, which of the following correctly describes A ∩ C?
• If P ↔ Q is true, what does this say about P and Q?
• A puzzle has three options and you guess randomly; how many possible outcomes are there?
• Task order problem: Task1 must be completed before Task2 and Task3; Tasks 2 and 3 are independent of each other. How many valid total orders exist for the three tasks?
• Which of the following is a credible tactic to paraphrase the conclusion without quoting it directly?
• What does P <-> Q being true imply about P and Q?
• If P ∨ Q is false, what can be said about P and Q?
• All M are N. Some N are not M. Is the set of statements consistent?
• If Task 1 must precede Task 2 and Task 3, with no order between Task 2 and Task 3, how many valid total orders exist?
• How many 2-item combinations can be formed from 4 distinct items?
• If A implies B and B implies A, and A is true, what can be asserted about B?
• In a good Evaluate The Argument item, the correct answer should be which of the following relative to the conclusion?
• In the context of Evaluate The Argument, what is the best way to assess whether a choice strengthens or weakens the argument?
• Amy's reply uses a conditional implying funding is necessary for the plan. Which conclusion is most likely?
• There exists at least one robot; All robots are inspected daily; Some inspected devices are not robots. Which statement must be true?
• Which one illustrates a principle most similar to that illustrated by the passage?
• If P and Q have the same truth value, P <-> Q is true.
• In principle-conform questions, if the stimulus provides a general rule, what should you pick?
• If All A are B and No B are Z, is the conclusion No A are Z valid?
• Which statement would be most helpful to determine must-be-true status of the claim?
• In which argument is the reasoning most similar to the professor's argument about the single observation generalizing to a universal rule?
• A university reduces tuition by 10% to attract more applicants.
• Is a valid argument guaranteed to have a true conclusion if the premises are true?
• Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the apparent conflict in the described system?
• Which contains questionable reasoning most similar to that in the argument above?
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, which statement must be true?
• What is the name of the fallacy when one concludes P from P -> Q and Q?
• If the plan is approved, profits will increase. The plan is approved. Which must be true?
• Which of the following would best avoid a causal fallacy when interpreting data showing correlation?
• If P is false, what can be concluded about P -> Q?
• If every observed swan so far is white, can we conclude all swans are white?
• From No A are B and No B are C, which of the following can be concluded?
• If A -> B and B -> C, what follows from A?
• Two coins flipped: what is the probability of exactly one head?
• If A ∪ B = A, what can we say about B?
• Product A is either X or Y. All X are expensive. Some Y are affordable. Which inference is most strongly supported?
• Which of the following conforms most closely to the principle illustrated above?
• Is oxygen a necessary condition for combustion?
• All passing students attend the ceremony. Some ceremony attendees are not in the science track. Which statement must be true?
• Which argument is most similar in its flawed use of evidence to the mayor's argument that a program will reduce crime based on a similar program in another city?
• You need to find the answer choice that can be supported with direct evidence from the stimulus. If the answer you are looking at could potentially be false, then it does not have to be true, and is incorrect.
• A team is divided into Camp A (supports the project) and Camp B (opposes). At least one Camp A member argued for cost savings. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• In principle-justify questions, if the stimulus presents a principle, what should you pick?
• If A → B and B → C, what can we conclude about A → C?
• If A → ¬B and B → ¬A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• A study claims that the policy reduced crime because more police were deployed coinciding with the timing. The flaw is not accounting for other factors such as baseline crime trends; Which term best identifies this flaw?
• Which argument is most similar in pattern to the mayor's argument that a policy will reduce crime because a neighboring city implemented it and saw improvement?
• Joshua's statement that 'this claim simply cannot be proved' plays which role in his argument?
• Can P ↔ Q be true if P is true and Q is false?
• If exactly two of P, Q, R are true and P is true while Q is false, what is R?
• Which of the following would most strengthen the scientist's claim?
• Which option demonstrates parallel reasoning to the pattern used in the argument that a policy will work because it has done so in a similar context?
• If A is a subset of B and A is a subset of C, what is A ∩ B ∩ C?
• A company claims that its new safety training reduces workplace accidents by 40%. The company argues that the training should be adopted for all employees.
• Online courses are as effective as in-person courses, as shown by completion rates.
• Which of the following, if true, would most clearly reconcile the statements by showing they refer to the same metric?
• Which of the following describes how premises relate to the conclusion in a standard argument?
• In a multiple-choice item with five possible answers, how many choices does the test taker have?
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∧ Q?
• Which of the following would most weaken the argument?
• Which statement best describes a correct approach to strengthen/weaken questions?
• If a set X contains n elements and you remove one element, how many elements remain?
• William and Max disagree about whether the market will grow next quarter.
• Which of the following, if true, helps reconcile the statements above?
• What best characterizes a flaw question?
• If A → B, B → C, C → D, and A is false, which statement must be true?
• In a dialogue about a drug's efficacy, Heather says the drug is effective, Mike says it is not. Which statement about their disagreement is most supported?
• If A = B and B ⊆ C, is A ⊆ C?
• Syllogism: All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore Socrates is mortal.
• If P is true and Q is true, what is the truth value of P ∨ Q?
• Heather and Mike disagree about whether the policy will increase costs. Which statement reflects their disagreement?
• Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain why the people mentioned continued to grow beans?
• Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest evidence against the argument?
• In a flaw question, what is the best approach to identify the potential flaw before looking at the answer choices?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is the recommended approach?
• All S are T. If some U are S, what can be concluded about Some U are T?
• All A are B; No B are C; Some D are A. If these statements are true, which must be true?
• Which description best identifies the core flaw in arguments that generalize from a single case?
• Two speakers discuss carbon taxation. The point at issue is whether carbon taxation should be implemented.
• Some A are B. No B are C. What can be concluded about Some A are not C?
• Given All A are B and Some B are C, does Some A are C necessarily?
• How many permutations of 3 distinct items exist?
• A tutoring program improves test scores for most participants. The argument: expand the program.
• Which of the following employee behaviors most clearly conforms to the company policy outlined above?
• For strengthen/weaken questions, which perspective should guide your approach?
• Which is the first step in solving a Role (paradox) question?
• If P → Q is true, what can be said about the contrapositive ¬Q → ¬P?
• Which fallacy is present in the argument: If P then Q; Q; Therefore P?
• Two fair coins are flipped. What is P(at least one head)?
• Which of the following, if true, does the most to reconcile the apparent conflict in the system described above?
• If A maps to B and B maps to C, what does A map to?
• What is a hallmark of a question that targets the 'Method of Reasoning' rather than 'Strengthen/Weaken'?
• Which statement best describes how to determine what the argument is about in a reasoning problem?
• A common flaw in reasoning occurs when an argument relies on a single instance to generalize. This is most similar to which flaw?
• Some scientists are not mathematicians. All mathematicians use formal logic. Which statement is most strongly supported?
• If A maps to B, B maps to C, and C maps to D, what does A map to?
• If E and F are independent with P(E)=0.6 and P(F)=0.5, what is P(E ∨ F)?
• A marketing campaign claims to boost brand awareness by 25% in four weeks.
• In a sufficient-assumption question, what best describes the role of the correct answer?
• Which of the following best describes a questionable argumentative strategy when the argument relies on popularity to justify a policy?
• In the sequence 2, 4, 8, 16, what is the next term?
• If P -> Q and Q -> R, and P is true, what is true about R?
• A city council plans to fund a new light-rail line to reduce congestion. The conclusion is that the project should be funded.
• Which of the following would be most helpful to know in evaluating the argument?
• If A ∩ B = ∅ and A ⊆ C, what can be said about B ∩ C?
• Which principle best captures the idea that conclusions must be supported by evidence?
• In a parallel reasoning question, what is the essential first step?
• When evaluating a Method of Reasoning question, what should you do if an answer choice mentions an alternative option that is not present in the argument?
• A local bakery claims its sourdough bread is healthier because it is fermented naturally.
• A restaurant claims customers will return because of its loyalty program.
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 4th term?
• Which statement best captures the purpose of identifying the main conclusion in an argument?
• A city asserts that a new bus route reduces commute time for most riders.
• A plan to reduce energy usage proposes that if households switch to LED lighting, the national energy bill will drop by 20% within a year. The plan assumes savings from one program will extrapolate nationally without accounting for variations in household size and usage. Which of the following, if true, identifies a flaw in the plan?
• Todd and Andy disagree about the truth of which statement?
• The flawed pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to which of the following?
• The plan to cut transit funding is flawed because it assumes that savings from reduced service will not reduce ridership; it fails to consider long-term effects.
• Which approach helps identify the 'Main Conclusion' in an argument that uses multiple premises?
• All A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C are B?
• Which option best describes how to identify the main conclusion in a reasoning problem?
• Which argument most closely parallels the professor's argument that a small pilot study proves the entire plan will work?
• When is the biconditional P <-> Q true?
• If A is sufficient but not necessary for B, which statement is true?
• If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, what can be concluded about A and B?
• Which option most closely resembles the principle illustrated by the passage?
• P XOR Q is true if exactly one is true. If P is true and Q is false, is P XOR Q true?
• No A are B. Some C are A. What can be concluded about Some C and not B?
• If P ↔ Q and Q ↔ R, what can be concluded about P and R?
• If a student passes, they may enroll in an advanced course. What can we deduce if the student passes?
• A small study found that a diet reduces cholesterol by 15 points in participants after 6 weeks. The study suggests the diet should be recommended.
• In a necessary-assumption question, what is true of the correct answer?
• The claim that taxes should increase in proportion to a person's income plays which role in the argument?
• From No A are B and No B are C, can we conclude No A are C?
• In a resolve-the-paradox question, what is your overarching goal?
• The answer to which of the following questions would contribute most in evaluating the argument?
• If two events E and F are independent with P(E) = 0.6 and P(F) = 0.5, what is P(E ∧ F)?
• If a sequence doubles each step starting with 3, what is the 5th term?
• Which argument is most parallel to the one that generalizes from a single pilot project to a full rollout?
• Exactly two of P, Q, R are true. If P and Q are true, what is R?
• Which of the following most accurately describes the role played by the claim that fish have gills?
• Which argument is most similar to the flaw of inferring broad conclusions from a small, unrepresentative sample?